铈及其配合物对水体富营养化的影响

在静态水体富营养化状态下,分别添加不同浓度的Ce3 溶液和不同浓度的Ce3 -EDTA配合物溶液,在相同自然条件下进行培养,研究其对水体富营养化状态下藻类生长的影响.结果表明:添加浓度为1.00 mg·l-1的Ce3 和Ce3 -EDTA配合物对水体富营养化和藻类生长有抑制作用,添加浓度为0.25mg·l-1和0.50mg·l-1的Ce3 和Ce3 -EDTA配合物对水体富营养化和藻类生长有促进的作用,其中添加浓度为0.50mg·l-1的Ce3 和Ce3 -EDTA配合物溶液的促进作用更明显.相同浓度的Ce3 和Ce3 -EDTA配合物溶液相比,Ce3 -EDTA配合物溶液的作用相对弱一些,即添加EDTA可抑制稀土元素对藻类生长的作用.     

The effects of male–male contests and female eavesdropping on female mate choice and male mating success in the jumping spider, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thiania bhamoensis</Emphasis> (Araneae: Salticidae)

In experiments that comprised of three phases (fight, choice, and mating) under “seen” and “unseen” conditions, we examined the effects of the outcomes of male–male contests and female eavesdropping on female mate choice and male mating success in the fighting spider, Thiania bhamoensis (Salticidae). The results revealed female eavesdropping on agonistic interactions. Females that had watched an aggressive interaction showed no distinctive preference for the winner over the loser, but they preferred the loser when they had not observed a fight. Winners, however, achieved a greater mating success than did losers during the mating phase. Gaining access to females was based on the insistence of the winners in courtship in terms of the number of quivers, rather than on the fighting behavior of the males. Hence, the outcome of male–male contests may not be an important determinant of a male’s mating success in T. bhamoensis. Instead, courtship display plays an important role in determining the success of male mating in this species. This study also suggests that female mate preference may not be a good indicator of eventual female mate choice and male mating success. Thus, a causal relationship between female mate preference and male mating success cannot be inferred. Joanna P. Y. Chan, Pei Rong Lau, and Ai Jie Tham contributed equally.     

气候变化对生物多样性的影响:脆弱性和适应

气候变化对生物多样性影响及其适应直接关系着未来生物多样性的保护.气候变化对生物多样性影响、生物多样性在气候变化影响下的脆弱性、生物多样性适应气候变化方面进行了总结分析,对存在的问题进行了讨论,对今后研究提出了一些建议.过去的气候变化已使物种物候、分布和丰富度等改变,使一些物种灭绝、部分有害生物危害强度和频率增加,使一些生物入侵范围扩大、生态系统结构与功能改变等.未来的气候变化仍将使物种物候和行为、分布和丰富度等改变,使一些物种灭绝、使有害生物爆发频率和强度增加,并将可能使生态系统结构与功能发生改变等.生物多样性适应气候变化包括了自然适应和人为适应两个方面,自然适应体现在物种适应性进化、迁移、生态系统稳定性和弹性等,人为适应体现在种质基因保存、物种异地保护、自然保护区规划设计、生态系统适应性管理、生态恢复和气候灾害防御等.目前,生物多样性对气候变化影响的脆弱性、生物多样性自然适应和人为适应气候变化方面的研究都还不系统深入,需要加强生物多样性自然适应和人为适应气候变化方面的研究.     

气温和土壤湿度变化对3种典型荒漠植物种子发芽的影响

植物种子发芽对气温和土壤湿度变化的响应是气候变化对荒漠生态系统影响的关键. 为了分析荒漠植物种子发芽对气温和土壤湿度变化的响应趋势,选择典型荒漠植物沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolica)、泡泡刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)和麻黄(Ephedra przewalskii),在人工气候箱中分析在3种土壤湿度(3%,5%和15%),2种气温(16 ℃/22 ℃ 和21 ℃/27 ℃)和浸种(12 h)与不浸种处理下种子的发芽趋势. 结果显示:沙拐枣和泡泡刺种子的发芽率随土壤湿度的增加而增加,浸种下随气温的升高其发芽率增幅比不浸种下大;不浸种下气温升高麻黄种子发芽率增幅比不浸种下大,浸种下土壤湿度为3%时气温升高其发芽率增幅比土壤湿度为5%和15%时大(P<0.05). 3种植物种子发芽指数随气温的升高和土壤湿度的增加而增加,不浸种下气温升高沙拐枣和泡泡刺种子的发芽指数显著增加,浸种下其发芽指数增幅不大;不浸种下气温升高麻黄种子发芽指数增幅较小,浸种下其发芽指数增幅较大. 3种植物种子均在培养初期发芽速率增加较快. 荒漠植物种子发芽受气温和土壤湿度的共同影响,不同植物种子发芽对这些因素的变化有不同的响应.      

泾河流域40年的土地利用/覆盖变化分区对比研究

由于泾河流域地理位置的特殊性,气候、降水、地形、人类活动等的区域性,从不同区间的空间角度分析泾河流域的土地利用/覆盖变化情况具有重要的意义。文章利用泾河流域1970s~2006年的4期遥感影像分类结果,结合年降水量由南向北逐渐减少的情况,将流域划分为北、中、南3个功能区,从定量的角度揭示了不同功能区土地利用变化的时空规律,初步探讨了这些规律形成的主要自然,经济和政策成因。结果表明：①1970s~1990s,泾河流域植被覆盖总体呈下降趋势,在20世纪90年代后期开始实行一系列的生态保护措施后,植被覆盖开始恢复;②泾河流域的城镇用地、耕地、林地、高覆盖草地在流域中部和南部分布更广,低覆盖草地则主要分布在流域北部。由于气候、降水等自然条件的变化,人口增加、经济发展等社会因素的影响,流域由南到北,植被恢复速度逐渐趋缓;③流域北部由于自身自然环境条件较差,气候变暖、降水减少、土地退化、水土流失以及相关政策等因素在其土地利用变化中起主要作用。而人类活动、经济发展等社会因素对人类活动强度相对较大的流域中部和南部影响更大。     

持久性有机污染物的作物吸收及迁移模型研究进展

持久性有机污染物(Persistent Organic pollutant,POPs)是指通过各种环境介质(大气、水、生物体等)能够长距离迁移并长期存在于环境中的人工合成的有机污染物。本文阐述了全球POPs的主要环境过程和各环境介质中POPs的暴露水平,探讨了作物对POPs的吸收过程、吸收机制和生态效应,并基于现有的环境多介质逸度模型和根区水质模型,分析了持久性有机污染物作物吸收过程模拟模型中存在的问题及未来的发展方向。目前,对POPs作物吸收机制及其模拟的研究较少,但随着我国对粮食安全和农业可持续发展的持续关注,这一领域的模拟研究将对科学解析POPs归趋、合理制定风险管控措施和有效确保粮食质量安全等提供重要科学支撑。     

Fabrication and photocatalytic ability of an Au/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite

A new type of Au/TiO₂/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposite was fabricated by the hydrothermal synthesis of TiO₂ on graphene oxide followed by the photodeposition of Au nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that Au nanoparticles were loaded onto the surface of both TiO₂ and RGO. Au/TiO₂/RGO had a better photocatalytic activity than Au/ TiO₂ for the degradation of phenol. Electrochemical measurements indicated that Au/TiO₂/RGO had an improved charge transfer capability. Meanwhile, chemiluminescent analysis and electron spin resonance spectroscopy revealed that Au/TiO₂/RGO displayed high production of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals in the photocatalytic process. This high photocatalytic performance was achieved via the addition of RGO in Au/TiO₂/RGO, where RGO served not only as a catalyst support to provide more sites for the deposition of Au nanoparticles but also as a collector to accept electrons from TiO₂ to effectively reduce photogenerated charge recombination.

Open image in new window

     

Effects of phosphorus sources on volatile organic compound emissions from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Microcystis flos</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">aquae</Emphasis> and their toxic effects on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</Emphasis>

There is diverse phosphorus (P) in eutrophicated waters, but it is considered as a crucial nutrient for cyanobacteria growth due to its easy precipitation as insoluble salts. To uncover the effects of complex P nutrients on the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from cyanobacteria and their toxic effects on other algae, the VOCs from Microcystis flos-aquae supplied with different types and amount of P nutrients were analyzed, and the effects of VOCs and their two main compounds on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii growth were investigated. When M. flos-aquae cells were supplied with K₂HPO₄, sodium pyrophosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate as the sole P source, 27, 23 and 29 compounds were found, respectively, including furans, sulfocompounds, terpenoids, benzenes, aldehydes, hydrocarbons and esters. With K₂HPO₄ as the sole P source, the VOC emission increased with reducing P amount, and the maximum emission was found under Non-P condition. In the treatments of M. flos-aquae VOCs under Non-P condition and two main terpenoids (eucalyptol and limonene) in the VOCs, remarkable decreases were found in C. reinhardtii cell growth, photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic abilities. Therefore, we deduce that multiple P nutrients in eutrophicated waters induce different VOC emissions from cyanobacteria, and P amount reduction caused by natural precipitation and algal massive growth results in more VOC emissions. These VOCs play toxic roles in cyanobacteria becoming dominant species, and eucalyptol and limonene are two toxic agents.     

基于改进G-函数的能量桩结构可靠性设计

为优化能量桩施工前期设计工作,提高能量桩传热和承载特性效率,采用曲线拟合对能量桩G-函数进行改进,构造了包含桩身尺寸、岩土热物性等参数的响应函数,用Comsol数值模拟验证其正确性,并探讨了其随各因素变化的规律;用Python软件编制MCS循环来计算不确定场地参数下设计方案的可靠度,汇总工程案例来验证设计模型的正确性,并利用上海某场地参数进行全面的设计步骤。结果表明:在改进G-函数的模型中,利用MCS循环计算可以充分考虑土性参数、桩身尺寸及理论模型的不确定性,给出最佳传热效果和承载特性的设计组合。     

Chitosan for direct bioflocculation of wastewater

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Coagulation/flocculation is a major phenomenon occurring during industrial and municipal water treatment to remove suspended particles. Common coagulants are metal...